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Fungsionalis : Teori

 Translate dari Ini Fungsionalism


Dari Sini Melalui judul Argonauts of western pacific anda kan memahami sisilain dari teori fungsionalis



Bronislaw Malinowski

Akar fungsionalisme ditemukan dalam karya sosiolog Herbert Spencer dan mile Durkheim. Fungsionalisme menganggap budaya sebagai keseluruhan yang saling terkait, bukan kumpulan sifat yang terisolasi. Ibarat manusia memiliki berbagai organ yang saling berhubungan dan diperlukan agar tubuh dapat berfungsi dengan baik, maka masyarakat merupakan suatu sistem dari bagian-bagian yang saling berhubungan yang menjadikan keseluruhan berfungsi secara efisien. Para Fungsionalis meneliti bagaimana fase budaya tertentu saling terkait dengan aspek-aspek lain dari budaya dan bagaimana hal itu mempengaruhi seluruh sistem masyarakat; dengan kata lain, sebab dan akibat. Teori Fungsionalisme muncul pada tahun 1920-an dan kemudian menurun setelah Perang Dunia II karena perubahan budaya yang disebabkan oleh perang. Karena teori tersebut tidak menekankan pada transformasi sosial, maka digantikan oleh teori lain yang berkaitan dengan perubahan budaya. Meski begitu, ide dasar Fungsionalisme telah menjadi bagian dari akal sehat untuk analisis budaya dalam antropologi. Antropolog umumnya mempertimbangkan interkoneksi domain budaya yang berbeda ketika mereka menganalisis budaya, misalnya, hubungan antara strategi subsisten dan organisasi keluarga atau agama.


Metode fungsionalisme didasarkan pada kerja lapangan dan pengamatan langsung masyarakat. Para antropolog harus menggambarkan berbagai institusi budaya yang membentuk suatu masyarakat, menjelaskan fungsi sosialnya, dan menunjukkan kontribusinya terhadap stabilitas keseluruhan masyarakat. Pada saat yang sama, pendekatan fungsionalis ini dikritik karena tidak mempertimbangkan perubahan budaya masyarakat tradisional.


Fungsionalisme struktural adalah bentuk fungsionalisme yang muncul di Inggris Raya. Antropolog Inggris, A.R Radcliffe-Brown, adalah pendukungnya yang paling menonjol. Dalam pendekatan fungsionalisme struktural, masyarakat, lembaga dan perannya, adalah hal yang tepat untuk dipelajari. Ciri-ciri budaya mendukung atau membantu melestarikan struktur sosial. Pendekatan ini memiliki sedikit minat pada individu, yang kontras dengan pendekatan yang dianjurkan oleh Bronislaw Malinowski.

Brown, Curtis. “Functionalism.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 231-233. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008.

Buzney, Catherine and Jon Marcoux. Cultural Materialism. University of Alabama Department of Anthropology Anthropological Theories: A Guide Prepared by Students for Students. Accessed March 5, 2015. http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Cultural%20Materialism.

Cooke, Bill. “Postmodernism.” In Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Vol. 4, edited by H. James Birx, 1912-1915. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Reference, 2006.

Graber, Robert Bates. “Social Evolution.” In 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook, Vol. 2, edited by H. James Birx, 576-585. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2010.

Harris, Marvin and Orna Johnson. 2007. Cultural Anthropology, 7th edition. Boston: Pearson.

Harrison, Anthony Kwame. “Thick Description.” In Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, edited by R. Jon McGee and Richard L. Warms, 860-861. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2013.

Johnson, Michelle C. “Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology.” In Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, edited by R. Jon McGee and Richard L. Warms, 841-846. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2013.

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